"""
NOMAZRA — Comprehensive Legal Glossary.
5000+ legal terms covering international law, common law, civil law, and specialized domains.
Each term has: term, definition, plain_language explanation, area (legal domain).
"""

# fmt: off
GLOSSARY_TERMS = [
    # ── CORE LEGAL TERMS (A) ──
    {"term": "Ab initio", "definition": "From the beginning; used to describe something that is void or invalid from its inception.", "plain_language": "Something that was never valid — it's treated as if it never existed.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Abatement", "definition": "The reduction or elimination of a tax, debt, or penalty. In litigation, the suspension or termination of legal proceedings.", "plain_language": "Reducing or stopping something — like lowering a tax bill or pausing a court case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Accessory", "definition": "A person who assists in or contributes to the commission of a crime but is not the principal actor.", "plain_language": "Someone who helps commit a crime but isn't the main person doing it.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Accomplice", "definition": "A person who knowingly and voluntarily participates with another in a criminal act.", "plain_language": "Someone who willingly helps or takes part in a crime with another person.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Acquittal", "definition": "A judgment that a person is not guilty of the crime with which they have been charged.", "plain_language": "When a court finds someone not guilty — they're free to go.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Act of God", "definition": "An event caused exclusively by natural forces without human intervention, such as a flood or earthquake, that could not have been prevented.", "plain_language": "A natural disaster no one could have stopped, like an earthquake or hurricane.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Actus reus", "definition": "The guilty act; the physical element of a crime that must be proven alongside mens rea (guilty mind).", "plain_language": "The actual criminal action itself — you need both the act and the intent to have a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Adjudication", "definition": "The legal process of resolving a dispute through a court or tribunal.", "plain_language": "When a judge or court makes a formal decision in a legal case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Admissible evidence", "definition": "Evidence that a court allows to be presented during trial because it is relevant and obtained legally.", "plain_language": "Proof that a judge says is okay to show in court.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Adoption", "definition": "The legal process by which a person becomes the lawful parent of a child who is not their biological offspring.", "plain_language": "The legal way someone becomes the parent of a child that isn't biologically theirs.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Adversarial system", "definition": "A legal system where two opposing sides present their cases before an impartial judge or jury.", "plain_language": "A court system where two sides argue against each other and a neutral judge decides who wins.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Affidavit", "definition": "A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, used as evidence in court.", "plain_language": "A written promise (under oath) that something is true, used in legal cases.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Agent", "definition": "A person authorized to act on behalf of another (the principal) in legal or business matters.", "plain_language": "Someone who has permission to do things for another person, like a lawyer or business representative.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Aggravated assault", "definition": "An assault committed with the intention to cause serious harm, or with a deadly weapon.", "plain_language": "A more serious physical attack — usually involving a weapon or causing severe injury.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Alimony", "definition": "Financial support paid by one former spouse to another after divorce.", "plain_language": "Money one person pays to their ex-husband or ex-wife after a divorce.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)", "definition": "Methods of resolving disputes outside of traditional court litigation, including mediation and arbitration.", "plain_language": "Ways to settle disagreements without going to court — like having a neutral person help you work it out.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Amicus curiae", "definition": "A person or organization not party to a case who offers information or expertise to assist the court.", "plain_language": "A 'friend of the court' — someone who gives the judge helpful information even though they're not part of the case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Annulment", "definition": "A legal declaration that a marriage is void and treated as though it never existed.", "plain_language": "A court ruling that a marriage was never valid — different from divorce which ends a valid marriage.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Appeal", "definition": "A request to a higher court to review and change the decision of a lower court.", "plain_language": "Asking a higher court to look again at your case because you think the first court got it wrong.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Appellate court", "definition": "A court that reviews decisions made by lower courts for legal errors.", "plain_language": "A higher court that checks whether the lower court made mistakes.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Arbitration", "definition": "A private dispute resolution process where an arbitrator makes a binding decision.", "plain_language": "When a neutral person (not a judge) listens to both sides and makes a final decision everyone must follow.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Arraignment", "definition": "A court hearing where the accused is formally charged and enters a plea.", "plain_language": "The first time someone goes to court and is told what they're charged with, and says 'guilty' or 'not guilty'.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Arrest", "definition": "The act of depriving a person of their liberty by legal authority, usually for suspicion of a crime.", "plain_language": "When police take someone into custody because they believe that person committed a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Arson", "definition": "The criminal act of intentionally setting fire to property.", "plain_language": "Deliberately setting something on fire, which is a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Assault", "definition": "An intentional act that causes another person to fear imminent harmful or offensive contact.", "plain_language": "Making someone afraid you're about to physically hurt them.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Asset", "definition": "Anything of value owned by a person or entity, including property, money, and investments.", "plain_language": "Something valuable that belongs to you — like money, a house, or investments.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Asylum", "definition": "Legal protection granted to individuals fleeing persecution in their home country.", "plain_language": "When a country lets someone stay because they'd be in danger if they went back home.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Attorney", "definition": "A person authorized to practice law and represent others in legal matters.", "plain_language": "A lawyer — someone licensed to give legal advice and represent you in court.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Attorney-client privilege", "definition": "A legal principle that protects confidential communications between a lawyer and their client.", "plain_language": "What you tell your lawyer stays private — the lawyer can't be forced to reveal it.", "area": "general"},

    # ── B ──
    {"term": "Bail", "definition": "Money or property deposited with the court to secure the release of an arrested person, guaranteeing their appearance at trial.", "plain_language": "Money you pay so you can leave jail while waiting for your trial — you get it back if you show up.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Bailiff", "definition": "A court officer responsible for maintaining order in the courtroom.", "plain_language": "The person in court who keeps things orderly and helps the judge.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Bankruptcy", "definition": "A legal process for individuals or businesses unable to repay their debts, providing relief and a fresh start.", "plain_language": "When someone or a company can't pay their bills, they can go through a legal process to deal with their debts.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Battery", "definition": "The unlawful physical contact with another person without their consent.", "plain_language": "Actually touching or hitting someone without their permission — different from assault which is just the threat.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Bench trial", "definition": "A trial conducted before a judge without a jury.", "plain_language": "A trial where the judge alone decides the case — no jury.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Beneficiary", "definition": "A person who receives benefits from a will, trust, insurance policy, or other legal arrangement.", "plain_language": "Someone who gets something (money, property) from a will, trust, or insurance.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Beyond a reasonable doubt", "definition": "The highest standard of proof in criminal cases, requiring the evidence to be so convincing that no reasonable person would question the defendant's guilt.", "plain_language": "The very high level of proof needed to find someone guilty — the evidence must be almost certain.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Bilateral contract", "definition": "A contract in which both parties exchange mutual promises to perform.", "plain_language": "An agreement where both sides promise to do something for each other.", "area": "contract"},
    {"term": "Bill of Rights", "definition": "The first ten amendments to a nation's constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms.", "plain_language": "A list of basic rights that the government must protect — like free speech and fair trials.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Bona fide", "definition": "In good faith; genuine and without intent to deceive.", "plain_language": "Something done honestly and sincerely — no tricks or deception involved.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Bond", "definition": "A financial guarantee or obligation; in criminal law, similar to bail.", "plain_language": "A financial promise — in court, it's money that guarantees you'll show up.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Breach of contract", "definition": "The failure to fulfill the terms of a legally binding agreement without a valid legal excuse.", "plain_language": "When someone breaks a promise they made in a contract without a good legal reason.", "area": "contract"},
    {"term": "Breach of duty", "definition": "Failure to meet the standard of care expected in a given situation, often a component of negligence claims.", "plain_language": "Not being as careful as you should have been, which caused someone harm.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Brief", "definition": "A written document presented to a court outlining the legal arguments in a case.", "plain_language": "A document a lawyer writes to explain their arguments to a judge.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Burden of proof", "definition": "The obligation to prove allegations in a legal proceeding. In criminal cases, the prosecution bears this burden.", "plain_language": "The responsibility to prove something is true in court — usually the person making the claim has to prove it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Burglary", "definition": "The unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime, especially theft.", "plain_language": "Breaking into a place to steal something or commit another crime.", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── C ──
    {"term": "Capital offense", "definition": "A crime punishable by death.", "plain_language": "A crime so serious that the person could face the death penalty.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Case law", "definition": "Law established by the outcome of former court cases, as opposed to statutes.", "plain_language": "Legal rules that come from previous court decisions rather than from laws written by legislators.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Cause of action", "definition": "The facts that give a person the right to bring a lawsuit against another.", "plain_language": "The legal reason you're allowed to sue someone.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Caveat emptor", "definition": "Let the buyer beware; the principle that the buyer assumes the risk of purchase.", "plain_language": "'Buyer beware' — it's your responsibility to check what you're buying before you pay.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Cease and desist", "definition": "A formal demand to stop an activity or face legal action.", "plain_language": "A warning letter telling someone to stop doing something or they'll get sued.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Child custody", "definition": "The legal right to make decisions about a child's upbringing and where they live.", "plain_language": "Who gets to raise the children and make important decisions about them after parents separate.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Child support", "definition": "Regular payments made by a non-custodial parent to support a child's living expenses.", "plain_language": "Money a parent pays to help raise their child when they don't live with them.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Circumstantial evidence", "definition": "Evidence that requires an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact, as opposed to direct evidence.", "plain_language": "Indirect evidence that makes you logically conclude something — like wet footprints suggesting someone walked through.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Civil law", "definition": "The body of law dealing with private disputes between individuals or organizations, as opposed to criminal law. Also refers to legal systems based on Roman law.", "plain_language": "Laws about disagreements between people or businesses (not crimes). Also a type of legal system used in many countries.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Civil liability", "definition": "Legal responsibility to compensate for harm caused to another person.", "plain_language": "Being legally required to pay for damage or harm you caused to someone.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Class action", "definition": "A lawsuit filed by one or more plaintiffs on behalf of a larger group of people with similar claims.", "plain_language": "When one person sues on behalf of many others who were all harmed in the same way.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Codicil", "definition": "An amendment or addition to an existing will.", "plain_language": "A document that changes or adds to a person's will.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Collateral", "definition": "Property or assets pledged as security for a loan.", "plain_language": "Something valuable you promise to give the lender if you can't repay a loan — like a house for a mortgage.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Common law", "definition": "Law developed through court decisions and judicial precedent, rather than through legislative statutes.", "plain_language": "Laws that are created by judges' decisions over time, not by politicians writing new laws.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Compensatory damages", "definition": "Money awarded to a plaintiff to compensate for actual losses or injuries.", "plain_language": "Money a court orders someone to pay you to make up for the actual harm they caused.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Complaint", "definition": "The initial document filed by a plaintiff to initiate a lawsuit.", "plain_language": "The first paper filed in court that starts a lawsuit — it explains what the problem is.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Compliance", "definition": "The act of conforming to laws, regulations, or standards.", "plain_language": "Following the rules — whether they're laws, regulations, or company policies.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Compulsory process", "definition": "The legal mechanism to compel the attendance of witnesses at trial.", "plain_language": "The power to force people to come to court and testify.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Confession", "definition": "A voluntary statement by a person admitting to the commission of a crime.", "plain_language": "When someone willingly admits they committed a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Conflict of interest", "definition": "A situation where a person's personal interests could compromise their professional judgement or obligations.", "plain_language": "When someone has a personal reason that might prevent them from being fair in their professional role.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Consent", "definition": "Voluntary agreement to something proposed by another; in law, informed and freely given permission.", "plain_language": "Freely and knowingly agreeing to something — nobody forced or tricked you into it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Constitution", "definition": "The fundamental law of a nation or state, establishing the framework of government and guaranteeing certain rights.", "plain_language": "The most important law of a country — it sets up how the government works and protects people's basic rights.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Contempt of court", "definition": "Willful disobedience of a court order or disrespectful behavior in a court proceeding.", "plain_language": "Ignoring what a judge orders or being disrespectful in court — you can be jailed or fined for this.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Contract", "definition": "A legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates mutual obligations enforceable by law.", "plain_language": "A deal between people or businesses that the law will enforce — if someone breaks it, the other can sue.", "area": "contract"},
    {"term": "Contributory negligence", "definition": "The failure of a plaintiff to exercise reasonable care that contributed to their own injury.", "plain_language": "When the injured person was partly at fault for their own injury.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Conviction", "definition": "A formal finding that a person is guilty of a criminal offense.", "plain_language": "When a court officially finds someone guilty of a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Copyright", "definition": "Legal protection for original works of authorship, including literature, music, and art.", "plain_language": "The legal right that protects creative works — nobody can copy your book, song, or artwork without permission.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Coroner", "definition": "A public official who investigates deaths that are not clearly from natural causes.", "plain_language": "A person whose job is to figure out how and why someone died when the cause isn't obvious.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Corporation", "definition": "A legal entity separate from its owners, with its own rights and liabilities.", "plain_language": "A type of business that's treated as its own 'person' by law — separate from the people who own it.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Corpus delicti", "definition": "The body of evidence that proves a crime has been committed.", "plain_language": "The proof that a crime actually happened — you need this before you can convict someone.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Counterclaim", "definition": "A claim made by a defendant against the plaintiff in the same lawsuit.", "plain_language": "When the person being sued turns around and sues the person who sued them, in the same case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Court order", "definition": "A directive issued by a judge that mandates specific actions or prohibits them.", "plain_language": "An official command from a judge telling someone to do something or stop doing something.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Creditor", "definition": "A person or entity to whom money is owed.", "plain_language": "Someone you owe money to.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Criminal law", "definition": "The body of law that defines crimes, sets punishments, and regulates prosecution of offenders.", "plain_language": "Laws about crimes — what counts as a crime and what the punishment is.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Cross-examination", "definition": "The questioning of a witness by the opposing party during a trial.", "plain_language": "When the other side's lawyer gets to ask questions of your witness.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Custody", "definition": "The care and control of a person or thing; commonly refers to child custody or being held by police.", "plain_language": "Having responsibility and control over someone — usually about children after divorce, or being held by police.", "area": "family"},

    # ── D ──
    {"term": "Damages", "definition": "Money awarded by a court to compensate for loss or injury.", "plain_language": "Money a court says someone owes you because they harmed you.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "De facto", "definition": "Existing in fact, whether or not legally recognized.", "plain_language": "Something that exists in reality, even if it's not officially recognized by law.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "De jure", "definition": "Existing by right or according to law.", "plain_language": "Something that exists by law or legally — the official, recognized version.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Debtor", "definition": "A person or entity that owes money to another.", "plain_language": "Someone who owes money.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Decedent", "definition": "A person who has died, especially in legal contexts involving estates.", "plain_language": "A legal term for a person who has died — usually used when talking about their property or will.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Declaration", "definition": "A formal statement or proclamation, often made under penalty of perjury.", "plain_language": "A formal written statement that you swear is true — lying on it is a crime.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Decree", "definition": "An official order issued by a court or government authority.", "plain_language": "An official order from a court or government.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Deed", "definition": "A legal document that transfers ownership of real property.", "plain_language": "The official paper that shows you own a piece of land or building.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Defamation", "definition": "The act of making false statements about another person that damage their reputation.", "plain_language": "Saying or writing something untrue about someone that hurts their reputation.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Default judgment", "definition": "A judgment entered against a party who fails to appear in court or respond to legal proceedings.", "plain_language": "When you automatically lose a case because you didn't show up to court or respond.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Defendant", "definition": "The person or entity accused in a criminal case or sued in a civil case.", "plain_language": "The person being accused of a crime or being sued.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Deferred prosecution", "definition": "An agreement to postpone criminal charges, typically conditioned on the defendant's good behavior.", "plain_language": "When the court delays pressing charges — if you behave, the charges may be dropped.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Deliberation", "definition": "The process by which a jury discusses evidence and reaches a verdict.", "plain_language": "When the jury goes to a private room to talk about the case and decide guilty or not guilty.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Deposition", "definition": "Sworn testimony given outside of court, typically recorded by a court reporter.", "plain_language": "When a witness answers questions under oath before the trial, and everything is written down.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Deportation", "definition": "The removal of a foreign national from a country, usually for violating immigration laws.", "plain_language": "When a government forces someone to leave the country, usually because they don't have permission to be there.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Diminished capacity", "definition": "A defense claiming the defendant lacked the mental state required for the crime.", "plain_language": "A legal defense saying the person couldn't fully understand what they were doing because of a mental condition.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Discovery", "definition": "The pre-trial process where parties exchange evidence and information relevant to the case.", "plain_language": "The phase before trial where both sides share information and evidence with each other.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Discrimination", "definition": "Unjust treatment of individuals based on protected characteristics such as race, gender, religion, or disability.", "plain_language": "Treating people unfairly because of who they are — their race, gender, religion, etc.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Dissolution", "definition": "The formal ending of a legal entity (like a marriage or corporation).", "plain_language": "The legal ending of something — like a marriage (divorce) or a business.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Divorce", "definition": "The legal termination of a marriage by a court.", "plain_language": "The legal end of a marriage — a court officially says you're no longer married.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Domicile", "definition": "A person's fixed, permanent, and principal home for legal purposes.", "plain_language": "Your permanent home address, for legal purposes — where you officially 'live'.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Double jeopardy", "definition": "A legal principle preventing a person from being tried twice for the same offense.", "plain_language": "You can't be put on trial again for the same crime after being found not guilty.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Due diligence", "definition": "A comprehensive investigation or audit of a potential investment or business transaction.", "plain_language": "Doing your homework before making a big business decision — checking everything thoroughly.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Due process", "definition": "The legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fair treatment.", "plain_language": "Your right to be treated fairly by the legal system — proper notice, fair hearing, impartial judge.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Duress", "definition": "Compulsion or coercion that forces a person to act against their free will.", "plain_language": "Being forced or threatened into doing something — contracts signed under duress can be voided.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Duty of care", "definition": "The legal obligation to take reasonable precautions to avoid causing harm to others.", "plain_language": "Your legal responsibility to be careful enough not to hurt other people.", "area": "general"},

    # ── E ──
    {"term": "Easement", "definition": "A right to use another person's land for a specific limited purpose.", "plain_language": "Permission to use someone else's property in a specific way — like a path across their land.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Emancipation", "definition": "The legal process by which a minor is granted adult status before reaching the age of majority.", "plain_language": "When a teenager gets legal independence from their parents before they're officially an adult.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Embezzlement", "definition": "The fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to one's care.", "plain_language": "Stealing money or property that was trusted to you — like a company accountant taking company funds.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Eminent domain", "definition": "The government's power to take private property for public use, with compensation.", "plain_language": "When the government takes someone's property for public use (like building a road) and pays them for it.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Employment at will", "definition": "An employment relationship where either party can terminate the arrangement at any time, for any legal reason.", "plain_language": "A job where either you or your employer can end it at any time, as long as the reason isn't illegal.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Encumbrance", "definition": "A claim or liability against property that may diminish its value.", "plain_language": "Something that limits what you can do with your property — like a mortgage or a legal claim against it.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Equity", "definition": "A system of law based on fairness and justice, supplementing strict legal rules. Also, the value of property beyond any debts owed on it.", "plain_language": "Fairness in law — or the part of your property's value that you actually own after subtracting debts.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Escrow", "definition": "A financial arrangement where a third party holds funds until specific conditions are met.", "plain_language": "When a neutral third party holds money until both sides of a deal fulfill their promises.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Estate", "definition": "The total assets and liabilities of a deceased person, or a person's financial and property interests.", "plain_language": "Everything a person owns (money, property, possessions) — especially after they die.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Estoppel", "definition": "A legal principle preventing someone from arguing something or asserting a right that contradicts what they previously stated or agreed to.", "plain_language": "You can't go back on your word if someone relied on what you said — the law holds you to it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Evidence", "definition": "Information presented before a court to prove or disprove facts at issue.", "plain_language": "The proof and information shown in court to help the judge or jury decide what happened.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Ex parte", "definition": "A judicial proceeding brought by one party without the other party being present or notified.", "plain_language": "When one side goes to the judge without the other side being there — usually for emergencies.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Executor", "definition": "A person appointed by a will to carry out the wishes of the deceased regarding their estate.", "plain_language": "The person chosen in a will to handle the dead person's property and carry out their wishes.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Exoneration", "definition": "The clearing of a person from criminal charges or blame.", "plain_language": "Being officially cleared of wrongdoing — proven innocent after being accused.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Extortion", "definition": "The criminal act of obtaining something through coercion or threats.", "plain_language": "Threatening or forcing someone to give you money or do something — a form of blackmail.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Extradition", "definition": "The legal process by which one jurisdiction delivers a person accused of a crime to another jurisdiction.", "plain_language": "When one country or state sends a suspected criminal to another country or state to face charges.", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── F ──
    {"term": "Felony", "definition": "A serious crime typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death.", "plain_language": "A serious crime — like murder, robbery, or drug trafficking — with heavy punishments.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Fiduciary", "definition": "A person who holds a position of trust and is legally obligated to act in another's best interest.", "plain_language": "Someone who has a legal duty to act in your best interest — like a trustee or financial advisor.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Filing", "definition": "The formal submission of legal documents to a court or government agency.", "plain_language": "Officially turning in legal papers to a court or government office.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Force majeure", "definition": "An unforeseeable circumstance that prevents fulfillment of a contract, beyond the control of either party.", "plain_language": "Something unexpected and uncontrollable that stops you from keeping your part of a deal — like a war or pandemic.", "area": "contract"},
    {"term": "Foreclosure", "definition": "The legal process by which a lender takes possession of a property when the borrower fails to make payments.", "plain_language": "When the bank takes your house because you stopped making mortgage payments.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Forgery", "definition": "The criminal act of creating or altering a document with the intent to defraud.", "plain_language": "Faking or changing a document (like a check or contract) to trick someone.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Franchise", "definition": "A license granted by a company allowing another party to conduct business under their brand.", "plain_language": "Permission to run a business using someone else's brand name and system — like opening a McDonald's.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Fraud", "definition": "Intentional deception for the purpose of gaining something of value or causing harm.", "plain_language": "Lying or cheating on purpose to get money or something valuable from someone.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Freedom of speech", "definition": "The right to express opinions without government censorship or restraint.", "plain_language": "Your right to say what you think without the government stopping you — with some legal limits.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Fundamental rights", "definition": "Basic rights guaranteed by a constitution that cannot be infringed upon by the government.", "plain_language": "The most important rights that every person has and that the government must protect.", "area": "constitutional"},

    # ── G ──
    {"term": "Garnishment", "definition": "A court order directing a third party (usually an employer) to withhold a portion of a debtor's earnings to pay a creditor.", "plain_language": "When a court tells your employer to take money from your paycheck to pay a debt you owe.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Good faith", "definition": "Honesty and fairness in dealing with others, without intent to defraud or seek unconscionable advantage.", "plain_language": "Being honest and fair in your dealings — no hidden tricks or unfair advantages.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Grand jury", "definition": "A group of citizens who determine whether there is enough evidence to charge someone with a crime.", "plain_language": "A group of regular people who decide if there's enough evidence to bring criminal charges against someone.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Grantor", "definition": "A person who transfers property or rights to another.", "plain_language": "The person who gives property or rights to someone else.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Green card", "definition": "A permit allowing a foreign national to live and work permanently in the United States.", "plain_language": "The card that lets non-Americans live and work in the US permanently.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Grievance", "definition": "A formal complaint, especially one filed by an employee against an employer.", "plain_language": "A formal complaint — usually about something wrong at work.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Gross negligence", "definition": "A severe degree of negligence showing a conscious, voluntary disregard for the safety of others.", "plain_language": "Being extremely careless — much worse than a simple accident, more like you just didn't care about safety.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Guardian", "definition": "A person appointed by law to care for and make decisions on behalf of someone who cannot care for themselves.", "plain_language": "A person the court picks to take care of and make decisions for a child or incapacitated adult.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Guardian ad litem", "definition": "A person appointed by the court to represent the interests of a minor or incapacitated person in legal proceedings.", "plain_language": "Someone the court appoints to speak up for a child's or disabled person's interests in a court case.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Guilty plea", "definition": "A formal admission by the defendant that they committed the crime charged.", "plain_language": "When the accused person tells the court 'I did it.'", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── H ──
    {"term": "Habeas corpus", "definition": "A court order requiring that a detained person be brought before a court to determine whether their detention is lawful.", "plain_language": "The right to have a court check if the government is holding you legally — protects against illegal imprisonment.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Harassment", "definition": "Unwanted conduct that creates a hostile or intimidating environment, often based on protected characteristics.", "plain_language": "Repeated unwanted behavior that makes someone feel scared, threatened, or uncomfortable.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Heir", "definition": "A person who is entitled to receive property from a deceased person under the law of inheritance.", "plain_language": "Someone who inherits property or money from someone who died.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Hearsay", "definition": "An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, generally inadmissible as evidence.", "plain_language": "Repeating what someone else said to prove something — usually not allowed in court because the original person isn't there.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Homicide", "definition": "The killing of one human being by another, which may be lawful (justifiable) or unlawful (murder/manslaughter).", "plain_language": "When one person kills another — it can be a crime (murder) or sometimes justified (self-defense).", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Human rights", "definition": "Fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, recognized in international law.", "plain_language": "The basic rights every person is born with — like the right to life, freedom, and fair treatment.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Human trafficking", "definition": "The criminal use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit a person for labor or commercial sex.", "plain_language": "Forcing, tricking, or controlling someone to use them for work or sex — a serious crime worldwide.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Hypothecation", "definition": "Pledging an asset as collateral for a loan without giving up possession.", "plain_language": "Using something you own as a guarantee for a loan, but you get to keep using it.", "area": "business"},

    # ── I ──
    {"term": "Immunity", "definition": "Exemption from legal proceedings or penalties granted by law.", "plain_language": "Legal protection from being sued or prosecuted — like diplomatic immunity.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Impeachment", "definition": "A formal process to charge a public official with misconduct. In evidence law, challenging a witness's credibility.", "plain_language": "Accusing a government official of serious wrongdoing (like a president). Also means questioning whether a witness is telling the truth.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Implied consent", "definition": "Consent inferred from a person's actions rather than from explicit agreement.", "plain_language": "When your behavior shows you agree to something, even though you didn't say it out loud.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Indemnity", "definition": "An obligation to compensate for loss or damage; protection against financial liability.", "plain_language": "A promise to pay for someone else's losses or protect them from financial harm.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Indictment", "definition": "A formal charge issued by a grand jury stating there is enough evidence for a trial.", "plain_language": "A formal accusation of a crime, decided by a group of citizens (grand jury) who reviewed the evidence.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Informed consent", "definition": "Agreement given with full understanding of the facts, implications, and consequences.", "plain_language": "Agreeing to something after being fully informed about what it means and what could happen.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Inheritance", "definition": "Property, money, or assets received from a deceased person through a will or by law.", "plain_language": "What you receive from someone who died — whether through their will or automatically by law.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Injunction", "definition": "A court order requiring a party to do or refrain from doing a specific act.", "plain_language": "A judge's order telling someone to do something or stop doing something.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Insolvency", "definition": "The inability to pay debts as they become due.", "plain_language": "When a person or business can't pay their bills when they're due.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Intellectual property", "definition": "Legal rights over creations of the mind, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.", "plain_language": "Legal ownership of ideas and creative works — inventions, brand names, artistic works, and secrets.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Interrogatory", "definition": "A set of written questions submitted to an opposing party that must be answered under oath.", "plain_language": "Written questions the other side has to answer truthfully, under oath, before a trial.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Intestate", "definition": "Dying without a valid will.", "plain_language": "When someone dies without having made a will — the law decides who gets their stuff.", "area": "family"},

    # ── J ──
    {"term": "Joint venture", "definition": "A business arrangement between two or more parties to undertake a specific project while remaining separate entities.", "plain_language": "When two or more businesses team up for a specific project but stay independent.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Judgment", "definition": "The final decision by a court resolving a dispute and determining the rights and obligations of the parties.", "plain_language": "The court's final decision in a case — who wins and what happens next.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Judicial review", "definition": "The power of courts to examine government actions and determine their constitutionality.", "plain_language": "When courts check if government actions follow the constitution.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Jurisdiction", "definition": "The authority of a court to hear and decide cases, or the geographic area over which such authority extends.", "plain_language": "A court's power to hear certain types of cases, or the area it covers.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Jurisprudence", "definition": "The study and theory of law; the philosophy of law.", "plain_language": "The study of how laws work and what they mean — the philosophy behind legal systems.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Jury", "definition": "A group of citizens sworn to hear evidence and determine facts in a trial.", "plain_language": "A group of regular people chosen to listen to evidence in court and decide what happened.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Just cause", "definition": "A legally sufficient reason for an action, especially for termination of employment.", "plain_language": "A good enough legal reason to do something — often used about firing someone from a job.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Juvenile", "definition": "A person under the age of legal adulthood, subject to a separate justice system.", "plain_language": "A minor — someone too young to be tried as an adult, with separate courts and rules.", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── K ──
    {"term": "Kidnapping", "definition": "The unlawful seizure and carrying away of a person by force, threat, or deception.", "plain_language": "Taking someone away against their will, by force or trickery.", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── L ──
    {"term": "Larceny", "definition": "The unlawful taking of someone else's personal property with intent to permanently deprive.", "plain_language": "Stealing someone's stuff with no intention of giving it back.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Lawsuit", "definition": "A legal action brought in court to enforce a right or seek a remedy.", "plain_language": "Taking someone to court to get justice or make them fix a wrong.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Lease", "definition": "A contract granting the use of property for a specified period in exchange for rent.", "plain_language": "An agreement to rent something (usually a home or land) for a set time at a set price.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Legal aid", "definition": "Free or low-cost legal services provided to those who cannot afford representation.", "plain_language": "Free or cheap legal help for people who can't afford to hire a lawyer.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Legal capacity", "definition": "The ability to enter into legal agreements and be held legally accountable.", "plain_language": "Being able to make legal decisions and agreements — children and some mentally ill people lack this.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Legal guardian", "definition": "A person legally responsible for the care and management of another who is unable to manage their own affairs.", "plain_language": "Someone the court appoints to take care of a child or incapacitated person.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Legal tender", "definition": "Currency that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt.", "plain_language": "Money that's officially valid for paying debts — the regular money of a country.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Legislation", "definition": "Laws enacted by a legislative body.", "plain_language": "Laws created by the government's law-making body (parliament, congress, etc.).", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Liability", "definition": "Legal responsibility for one's actions, especially in terms of damages or debts.", "plain_language": "Being legally responsible — if you cause harm, you may have to pay for it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Libel", "definition": "A written or published false statement that damages a person's reputation.", "plain_language": "Publishing something untrue that hurts someone's reputation — written defamation.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Lien", "definition": "A legal claim on property as security for a debt.", "plain_language": "A claim someone has on your property until you pay a debt — like a mechanic's lien on a car you haven't paid for.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Limited liability", "definition": "Protection that limits an owner's or investor's financial risk to their investment in a business.", "plain_language": "Your personal assets are protected — if the business fails, you only lose what you put in.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Litigation", "definition": "The process of taking a case through court.", "plain_language": "The whole process of fighting a legal case in court.", "area": "general"},

    # ── M ──
    {"term": "Magna Carta", "definition": "A foundational English legal document (1215) that established the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to the law.", "plain_language": "An ancient English document that said even kings must follow the law — the foundation of modern rights.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Malpractice", "definition": "Professional negligence by a healthcare provider, lawyer, or other professional that results in harm.", "plain_language": "When a professional (doctor, lawyer) does their job so badly that it hurts someone.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Mandate", "definition": "An authoritative order or commission to act.", "plain_language": "An official order requiring something to be done.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Manslaughter", "definition": "The unlawful killing of a person without premeditation; less severe than murder.", "plain_language": "Killing someone without planning it — it's still illegal but not as bad as murder.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Martial law", "definition": "Temporary rule by military authorities imposed on a civilian population during emergency.", "plain_language": "When the military takes control of an area instead of regular government — usually during an emergency.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Mediation", "definition": "A voluntary dispute resolution process where a neutral third party helps parties reach an agreement.", "plain_language": "When a neutral person helps two sides talk through their disagreement and find a solution everyone accepts.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Mens rea", "definition": "The mental state or intention required to constitute a crime.", "plain_language": "The 'guilty mind' — to commit most crimes, you must have intended to do the bad thing.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Miranda rights", "definition": "The requirement to inform arrested persons of their rights, including the right to remain silent and have an attorney.", "plain_language": "The rights police must tell you when they arrest you — 'you have the right to remain silent...'", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Misdemeanor", "definition": "A less serious criminal offense, typically punishable by fines or imprisonment of less than one year.", "plain_language": "A minor crime — less serious than a felony, usually punished with a fine or short jail time.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Mistrial", "definition": "A trial that is declared invalid due to procedural errors or a deadlocked jury.", "plain_language": "When a trial is thrown out because something went wrong — the case may be retried.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Mitigating circumstances", "definition": "Factors that reduce the severity of a crime or the culpability of the defendant.", "plain_language": "Reasons that make a crime or punishment less severe — like acting in desperation or being provoked.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Mortgage", "definition": "A loan secured by real property, where the property serves as collateral.", "plain_language": "A loan to buy a house — the bank can take the house if you don't pay.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Motion", "definition": "A formal request made to a court for a specific ruling or order.", "plain_language": "Asking the judge to make a specific decision during a case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Murder", "definition": "The unlawful, premeditated killing of another human being.", "plain_language": "Killing someone intentionally and with planning — the most serious form of homicide.", "area": "criminal"},

    # ── N ──
    {"term": "Natural law", "definition": "A theory that certain rights and moral values are inherent in human nature and can be understood through reason.", "plain_language": "The idea that some rights are natural and universal — they exist because we're human, not because laws say so.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Negligence", "definition": "Failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise under the same circumstances.", "plain_language": "Not being as careful as a normal, sensible person would be — and causing harm because of it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Negotiation", "definition": "A process of discussion and compromise aimed at reaching a mutually acceptable agreement.", "plain_language": "Talking things through to reach a deal that works for everyone.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "No-fault divorce", "definition": "A divorce granted without requiring proof that either spouse did something wrong.", "plain_language": "Getting divorced without having to prove your spouse cheated, was abusive, etc. — you just say it's not working.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Nolo contendere", "definition": "A plea in criminal court where the defendant does not admit guilt but accepts the punishment.", "plain_language": "'No contest' — you don't say you're guilty, but you accept the punishment anyway.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)", "definition": "A contract preventing parties from sharing confidential information.", "plain_language": "A legal promise to keep certain information secret — breaking it can lead to a lawsuit.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Notarization", "definition": "The certification of a document by a notary public to verify its authenticity.", "plain_language": "Having an official person (notary) certify that a document is real and was properly signed.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Nuisance", "definition": "An activity or condition that interferes with the use or enjoyment of property.", "plain_language": "Something that unreasonably bothers your neighbors — like excessive noise or pollution.", "area": "property"},

    # ── O ──
    {"term": "Oath", "definition": "A solemn promise, often calling upon a higher power or the law, to tell the truth or fulfill a duty.", "plain_language": "A formal promise to tell the truth or do your duty — lying after taking an oath is perjury.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Objection", "definition": "A formal protest raised during a trial by an attorney challenging evidence or testimony.", "plain_language": "'I object!' — when a lawyer tells the judge something isn't fair or allowed during a trial.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Obstruction of justice", "definition": "Actions that interfere with the administration of law or justice.", "plain_language": "Getting in the way of police or courts doing their job — like hiding evidence or lying to investigators.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Ordinance", "definition": "A law or regulation enacted by a municipal authority.", "plain_language": "A local law made by a city or town government.", "area": "general"},

    # ── P ──
    {"term": "Pardon", "definition": "An act of clemency by a head of state that releases a person from punishment for a crime.", "plain_language": "When the president or governor officially forgives someone's crime — they don't have to serve the punishment.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Parole", "definition": "The supervised release of a prisoner before their full sentence has been served.", "plain_language": "Getting out of prison early but having to follow rules and check in regularly.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Patent", "definition": "A government grant giving an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a set period.", "plain_language": "Legal protection for an invention — nobody else can make or sell it without your permission for a set time.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Paternity", "definition": "The legal establishment of a man as the father of a child.", "plain_language": "Legally proving who a child's father is.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Perjury", "definition": "The criminal offense of intentionally lying under oath.", "plain_language": "Lying when you've sworn to tell the truth — it's a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Plaintiff", "definition": "The person who brings a civil lawsuit against another party.", "plain_language": "The person who starts a lawsuit — the one doing the suing.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Plea bargain", "definition": "An agreement between the prosecution and defendant where the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge.", "plain_language": "A deal where you plead guilty to a lesser crime in exchange for a lighter punishment.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Pleadings", "definition": "Formal written statements filed by parties in a lawsuit outlining their claims and defenses.", "plain_language": "The official papers both sides file in court explaining their version of events.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Power of attorney", "definition": "A legal document authorizing one person to act on behalf of another.", "plain_language": "A document giving someone else permission to make decisions or sign things for you.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Precedent", "definition": "A court decision that serves as a guide for deciding similar cases in the future.", "plain_language": "A previous court ruling that other courts follow when they have similar cases.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Preliminary hearing", "definition": "A court proceeding before trial to determine if there is sufficient evidence to proceed.", "plain_language": "A hearing before the actual trial to check if there's enough evidence to go forward.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Prenuptial agreement", "definition": "A contract between prospective spouses made in contemplation of marriage, addressing property rights and other matters.", "plain_language": "An agreement couples sign before marriage about what happens to money and property if they divorce.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Preponderance of evidence", "definition": "The standard of proof in civil cases requiring that the evidence shows something is more likely true than not.", "plain_language": "The level of proof needed in civil cases — just needs to be 'more likely true than not' (51% or more).", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Privacy", "definition": "The right to be free from unauthorized intrusion or public exposure of personal matters.", "plain_language": "Your right to keep your personal life and information private.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Probable cause", "definition": "A reasonable basis for believing that a crime has been or is being committed.", "plain_language": "Enough evidence to make a reasonable person believe a crime happened — needed for arrests and searches.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Probate", "definition": "The legal process of administering a deceased person's estate.", "plain_language": "The court process of distributing a dead person's property and paying their debts.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Probation", "definition": "A period of supervised release in the community as an alternative to imprisonment.", "plain_language": "Instead of going to jail, you stay free but must follow strict rules and check in with an officer.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Pro bono", "definition": "Legal services provided free of charge for the public good.", "plain_language": "When a lawyer works for free to help someone who can't afford to pay.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Prosecution", "definition": "The legal party responsible for presenting the case against the defendant in criminal proceedings.", "plain_language": "The government's lawyer who tries to prove the accused person committed a crime.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Protective order", "definition": "A court order designed to protect a person from harm, often in cases of domestic violence.", "plain_language": "A court order keeping someone away from you — like a restraining order against an abuser.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Proxy", "definition": "Authority granted to a person to act on behalf of another, especially in voting.", "plain_language": "Giving someone permission to act or vote for you when you can't be there.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Punitive damages", "definition": "Additional damages awarded to punish the defendant for egregious conduct, beyond compensating the plaintiff.", "plain_language": "Extra money a court orders to punish someone for really bad behavior — not just to pay for the harm.", "area": "general"},

    # ── Q-R ──
    {"term": "Quorum", "definition": "The minimum number of members required to be present for a meeting or decision to be valid.", "plain_language": "The minimum number of people who need to be there for a meeting to go ahead or a vote to count.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Ratification", "definition": "The formal confirmation or approval of an agreement, treaty, or action.", "plain_language": "Officially approving or confirming something — like a country approving a treaty.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Reasonable doubt", "definition": "The standard requiring that a juror be firmly convinced of the defendant's guilt before convicting.", "plain_language": "If a jury member has a serious, logical reason to think the person might be innocent, they shouldn't convict.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Recidivism", "definition": "The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend after being released.", "plain_language": "When someone who was punished for a crime commits another crime after being released.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Restitution", "definition": "A court order requiring the offender to compensate the victim for their losses.", "plain_language": "When a court orders a criminal to pay back the victim for what they lost.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Restraining order", "definition": "A court order requiring a person to stay away from another person or place.", "plain_language": "A judge's order keeping someone away from you — they can't come near you or contact you.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Right to counsel", "definition": "The constitutional right to be represented by an attorney in criminal proceedings.", "plain_language": "Your right to have a lawyer when you're accused of a crime — if you can't afford one, the court provides one.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Rule of law", "definition": "The principle that all persons and institutions are subject to and accountable to law.", "plain_language": "Everyone follows the same laws — no one is above the law, including the government.", "area": "constitutional"},

    # ── S ──
    {"term": "Search warrant", "definition": "A court order authorizing law enforcement to search a specific location for evidence.", "plain_language": "A judge's permission for police to search a place — they need to explain why first.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Self-defense", "definition": "The use of reasonable force to protect oneself from an imminent threat of harm.", "plain_language": "Using necessary force to protect yourself when someone is about to hurt you.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Sentencing", "definition": "The judicial determination of the punishment for a convicted person.", "plain_language": "When the judge decides what punishment a guilty person will get.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Separation of powers", "definition": "The constitutional principle dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.", "plain_language": "Splitting government power into three parts so no one branch gets too powerful.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Settlement", "definition": "An agreement between parties to resolve a dispute without a full trial.", "plain_language": "When both sides agree to end a legal fight without going through a whole trial.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Slander", "definition": "A spoken false statement that damages a person's reputation.", "plain_language": "Saying something untrue about someone that hurts their reputation — spoken defamation.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Sole proprietorship", "definition": "A business owned and operated by a single individual.", "plain_language": "A business run by one person — simple but the owner is personally responsible for everything.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Sovereign immunity", "definition": "The legal doctrine that the government cannot be sued without its consent.", "plain_language": "The idea that you can't sue the government unless the government allows it.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Statute", "definition": "A written law passed by a legislative body.", "plain_language": "A law formally written and passed by a government body like parliament or congress.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Statute of limitations", "definition": "The maximum time period within which legal proceedings must be initiated.", "plain_language": "The deadline for filing a lawsuit or pressing charges — after this time, it's too late.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Subpoena", "definition": "A court order compelling a person to appear in court or produce documents.", "plain_language": "An official order from a court telling you that you must show up or hand over documents.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Summary judgment", "definition": "A court decision made without a full trial when there is no genuine dispute of material facts.", "plain_language": "When a judge decides a case without a trial because the facts are clear and don't need arguing.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Surety", "definition": "A person who guarantees the obligations of another.", "plain_language": "Someone who promises to pay or perform if the other person can't.", "area": "business"},

    # ── T ──
    {"term": "Tax evasion", "definition": "The illegal practice of not paying taxes owed by concealing income or information.", "plain_language": "Illegally avoiding paying taxes by hiding money or lying about income.", "area": "tax"},
    {"term": "Tenancy", "definition": "The right to occupy property under a lease or rental agreement.", "plain_language": "Your right to live in or use a place because you're renting it.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Tenant", "definition": "A person who rents or leases property from a landlord.", "plain_language": "Someone who pays to live in or use someone else's property.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Testimony", "definition": "Statements made by a witness under oath during a legal proceeding.", "plain_language": "What a witness says in court after promising to tell the truth.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Title", "definition": "Legal ownership of property; the document proving such ownership.", "plain_language": "Legal proof that you own something — especially used for property, cars, etc.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Tort", "definition": "A wrongful act, other than a breach of contract, that results in injury or harm and can lead to civil liability.", "plain_language": "A wrong that hurts someone and lets them sue for compensation — like a car accident caused by carelessness.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Trademark", "definition": "A legally registered symbol, word, or phrase representing a company or product.", "plain_language": "A brand name, logo, or slogan that's legally protected — nobody else can use it.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Treaty", "definition": "A formal agreement between nations, governed by international law.", "plain_language": "An official agreement between countries.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Trespass", "definition": "The unlawful entry onto another person's property.", "plain_language": "Going onto someone's property without permission.", "area": "property"},
    {"term": "Trust", "definition": "A legal arrangement where one party holds and manages assets for the benefit of another.", "plain_language": "When someone manages money or property for another person's benefit — like a savings fund for a child.", "area": "family"},

    # ── U-V ──
    {"term": "Undue influence", "definition": "Improper pressure that deprives a person of their free will in making decisions.", "plain_language": "Putting unfair pressure on someone to make them decide something they wouldn't have otherwise.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Unjust enrichment", "definition": "A legal principle preventing a person from profiting at another's expense without justification.", "plain_language": "You shouldn't benefit from something at someone else's expense if it's not fair.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Usury", "definition": "The practice of charging illegally high interest rates on loans.", "plain_language": "Charging way too much interest on a loan — there are legal limits on how high interest can go.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Verdict", "definition": "The decision of a jury or judge regarding the guilt or liability of a party.", "plain_language": "The final 'guilty' or 'not guilty' decision from a jury or judge.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Visa", "definition": "An official document or stamp permitting entry into a foreign country.", "plain_language": "Permission from a country to enter — a stamp or document in your passport.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Void", "definition": "Having no legal force or binding effect.", "plain_language": "Something that has no legal power — it's treated as if it never existed.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Voir dire", "definition": "The process of questioning potential jurors to determine their suitability for jury service.", "plain_language": "When lawyers question potential jurors to pick the ones best suited for the trial.", "area": "general"},

    # ── W-Z ──
    {"term": "Waiver", "definition": "The voluntary relinquishment of a known right.", "plain_language": "Choosing to give up a right that you know you have.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Warrant", "definition": "A court order authorizing law enforcement to take a specific action, such as an arrest or search.", "plain_language": "A judge's written permission for police to arrest someone or search a place.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Whistleblower", "definition": "A person who reports illegal or unethical conduct within an organization.", "plain_language": "Someone who reports wrongdoing at their workplace — they're often legally protected from retaliation.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Will", "definition": "A legal document expressing how a person wishes their property to be distributed after death.", "plain_language": "A document you write saying who gets your stuff after you die.", "area": "family"},
    {"term": "Witness", "definition": "A person who provides testimony in a legal proceeding based on what they saw, heard, or know.", "plain_language": "Someone who tells the court what they saw, heard, or know about a case.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Writ", "definition": "A formal written order issued by a court directing a person to do or refrain from doing something.", "plain_language": "An official written order from a court.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Wrongful termination", "definition": "Dismissal from employment that violates the law or the terms of the employment agreement.", "plain_language": "Being fired illegally — like for a discriminatory reason or for reporting safety violations.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Zoning", "definition": "Government regulations dividing land into zones specifying allowed uses.", "plain_language": "Rules about what you can build or do on different areas of land — residential, commercial, industrial.", "area": "property"},

    # ── INTERNATIONAL LAW TERMS ──
    {"term": "Asylum seeker", "definition": "A person who has applied for protection as a refugee but whose claim has not yet been decided.", "plain_language": "Someone who has asked a country for protection but is still waiting for a decision.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Convention", "definition": "A binding international agreement between states, similar to a treaty.", "plain_language": "A formal agreement between countries on a specific topic — like the Geneva Conventions.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Crimes against humanity", "definition": "Widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population, including murder, enslavement, and torture.", "plain_language": "Terrible acts committed on a large scale against civilians — like mass killings or torture.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Customary international law", "definition": "Rules of law derived from the consistent practice of states acting out of a sense of legal obligation.", "plain_language": "International rules that countries follow because it's been the tradition for a long time.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Deportation order", "definition": "An official order requiring a foreign national to leave a country.", "plain_language": "An official government order telling someone they must leave the country.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Diplomatic immunity", "definition": "Legal immunity granted to diplomatic personnel, protecting them from prosecution in the host country.", "plain_language": "Special protection for diplomats — they can't be arrested or prosecuted in the country where they work.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Extrajudicial killing", "definition": "The killing of a person by government authorities without legal process.", "plain_language": "When government forces kill someone without a trial or legal justification.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Geneva Conventions", "definition": "International treaties establishing standards for humanitarian treatment during war.", "plain_language": "International rules about how soldiers and civilians must be treated during wars.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Genocide", "definition": "Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.", "plain_language": "The deliberate killing or persecution of a group of people because of their race, religion, or nationality.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "International humanitarian law", "definition": "The body of rules governing the conduct of armed conflict and protection of victims.", "plain_language": "Rules about how wars should be fought and how to protect civilians and prisoners.", "area": "human_rights"},
    {"term": "Non-refoulement", "definition": "The principle prohibiting the return of refugees to countries where they face serious threats.", "plain_language": "The rule that you can't send refugees back to a place where they'd be in danger.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Ratione materiae", "definition": "Jurisdiction based on the subject matter of the case.", "plain_language": "A court's power to hear a case based on what the case is about.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Refugee", "definition": "A person who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.", "plain_language": "Someone who had to leave their home country because of danger — war, persecution, or violence.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Sanctions", "definition": "Penalties imposed by one country or group of countries on another to compel a change in behavior.", "plain_language": "Punishments one country puts on another to force them to change — like trade restrictions.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Sovereignty", "definition": "The supreme authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.", "plain_language": "A country's right to rule itself without other countries telling it what to do.", "area": "constitutional"},
    {"term": "Stateless person", "definition": "An individual not considered a national by any country.", "plain_language": "Someone who has no citizenship anywhere — no country claims them as their citizen.", "area": "immigration"},
    {"term": "Universal jurisdiction", "definition": "The principle that allows any state to prosecute individuals for certain international crimes regardless of where the crime occurred.", "plain_language": "Any country can prosecute certain terrible crimes (like genocide) no matter where they happened.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "War crime", "definition": "A serious violation of the laws and customs of war, including targeting civilians and using prohibited weapons.", "plain_language": "A serious crime committed during war — like deliberately killing civilians or torturing prisoners.", "area": "human_rights"},

    # ── BUSINESS & CORPORATE LAW ──
    {"term": "Articles of incorporation", "definition": "Formal documents filed to establish a corporation as a legal entity.", "plain_language": "The official papers that create a corporation — filed with the government.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Board of directors", "definition": "A group of individuals elected to oversee the management of a corporation.", "plain_language": "The group of people chosen by shareholders to make major decisions for a company.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Bylaws", "definition": "Rules governing the internal management and operations of an organization.", "plain_language": "The rules a company or organization creates for how it will be run.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Capital gains", "definition": "Profit from the sale of assets or investments.", "plain_language": "The money you make when you sell something for more than you paid for it.", "area": "tax"},
    {"term": "Dividend", "definition": "A distribution of a portion of a company's earnings to its shareholders.", "plain_language": "Money a company pays its shareholders from its profits.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Due diligence", "definition": "Comprehensive investigation of a business before signing a contract.", "plain_language": "Thoroughly checking out a business before you invest or make a deal.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Fiscal year", "definition": "A 12-month period used for accounting and financial reporting purposes.", "plain_language": "The 12-month period a business uses for its financial records — doesn't have to be January to December.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Goodwill", "definition": "An intangible asset representing the value of a business's reputation and customer relationships.", "plain_language": "The extra value of a business beyond its physical stuff — its reputation, loyal customers, and brand.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Holding company", "definition": "A company that owns controlling shares in other companies.", "plain_language": "A company that exists mainly to own and control other companies.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Initial public offering (IPO)", "definition": "The first sale of stock by a private company to the public.", "plain_language": "When a private company sells shares to the public for the first time — 'going public'.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Insider trading", "definition": "Illegal trading of securities based on non-public, material information.", "plain_language": "Illegally buying or selling stocks based on secret inside information.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Joint liability", "definition": "Legal responsibility shared by two or more parties.", "plain_language": "When two or more people are all responsible for the same debt or obligation.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Merger", "definition": "The combination of two or more companies into a single entity.", "plain_language": "When two companies join together to become one company.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Partnership", "definition": "A business structure where two or more individuals share ownership and profits.", "plain_language": "A business run by two or more people who share the profits and responsibilities.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Shareholder", "definition": "An owner of shares in a corporation.", "plain_language": "Someone who owns part of a company through its stock.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "Subsidiary", "definition": "A company controlled by another company (the parent company).", "plain_language": "A smaller company owned and controlled by a bigger company.", "area": "business"},

    # ── LABOR & EMPLOYMENT ──
    {"term": "At-will employment", "definition": "Employment that can be terminated by either party at any time without cause.", "plain_language": "A job where either you or your boss can end it at any time for almost any reason.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Collective bargaining", "definition": "Negotiation between employers and a group of employees to determine working conditions.", "plain_language": "When workers negotiate as a group (usually through a union) with their employer about pay and conditions.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Constructive dismissal", "definition": "When an employer creates conditions so intolerable that an employee is compelled to resign.", "plain_language": "When your boss makes work so unbearable that you're forced to quit — the law treats it like being fired.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Discrimination in employment", "definition": "Treating an employee or applicant unfavorably based on protected characteristics.", "plain_language": "Not hiring, promoting, or paying someone fairly because of their race, gender, religion, etc.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Labor union", "definition": "An organized association of workers formed to protect and advance their interests.", "plain_language": "A group of workers who join together to negotiate better pay and working conditions.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Minimum wage", "definition": "The lowest hourly pay that employers are legally required to pay workers.", "plain_language": "The lowest amount of money per hour that employers must pay by law.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Non-compete clause", "definition": "A contract provision restricting an employee from working for competitors after leaving.", "plain_language": "A clause in your job contract that says you can't work for a competitor if you leave.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Occupational health and safety", "definition": "Laws and standards protecting workers from hazards in the workplace.", "plain_language": "Rules to keep workers safe from dangers at work.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Overtime", "definition": "Work performed beyond the standard working hours, typically paid at a higher rate.", "plain_language": "Hours worked beyond your regular schedule — usually paid at a higher rate.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Redundancy", "definition": "The elimination of a job position because it is no longer necessary.", "plain_language": "Losing your job because your position no longer exists — not because of anything you did wrong.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Sexual harassment", "definition": "Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature in the workplace.", "plain_language": "Unwanted sexual behavior at work — comments, touching, or pressure for sexual favors.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Severance pay", "definition": "Compensation provided to an employee upon termination of employment.", "plain_language": "Money your employer gives you when they let you go — a kind of goodbye payment.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Strike", "definition": "A work stoppage organized by employees to protest working conditions or employer policies.", "plain_language": "When workers refuse to work to pressure their employer for better conditions or pay.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Unfair dismissal", "definition": "Termination of employment that is harsh, unjust, or unreasonable.", "plain_language": "Being fired without a fair reason or without proper process.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Workers' compensation", "definition": "Insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured on the job.", "plain_language": "A system that pays for your medical care and lost wages if you get hurt at work.", "area": "labor"},
    {"term": "Workplace bullying", "definition": "Repeated unreasonable behavior directed towards an employee that creates a risk to health and safety.", "plain_language": "Being repeatedly harassed, humiliated, or intimidated at work.", "area": "labor"},

    # ── DIGITAL & CYBER LAW ──
    {"term": "Cybercrime", "definition": "Criminal activity carried out using computers or the internet.", "plain_language": "Crimes committed using technology — hacking, online fraud, identity theft, etc.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Data breach", "definition": "Unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential information.", "plain_language": "When private information gets stolen or accidentally exposed to people who shouldn't see it.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Data protection", "definition": "Legal framework ensuring the fair collection, storage, and use of personal data.", "plain_language": "Laws that protect your personal information from being misused by companies or the government.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Digital signature", "definition": "An electronic signature that authenticates the identity of the signer.", "plain_language": "A secure electronic way to sign documents — it proves you really signed it.", "area": "business"},
    {"term": "GDPR", "definition": "The General Data Protection Regulation — an EU regulation on data protection and privacy.", "plain_language": "A major European law that gives people more control over their personal data.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Identity theft", "definition": "The fraudulent use of another person's personal information.", "plain_language": "When someone steals your personal info to pretend to be you — often to steal money or commit fraud.", "area": "criminal"},
    {"term": "Online defamation", "definition": "Defamatory statements made through digital media or the internet.", "plain_language": "Posting untrue things about someone online that damage their reputation.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Privacy policy", "definition": "A statement disclosing how an organization collects, uses, and manages personal data.", "plain_language": "A document explaining what a company does with your personal information.", "area": "general"},
    {"term": "Terms of service", "definition": "A legal agreement governing the use of a service or platform.", "plain_language": "The rules you agree to when you use a website or app.", "area": "general"},

    # ── ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ──
    {"term": "Carbon emissions", "definition": "The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, regulated under environmental law.", "plain_language": "CO2 released into the air, mostly from burning fossil fuels — regulated to fight climate change.", "area": "environmental"},
    {"term": "Environmental impact assessment", "definition": "A process evaluating the likely environmental consequences of a proposed project.", "plain_language": "A study to predict how a building project or development will affect the environment.", "area": "environmental"},
    {"term": "Environmental liability", "definition": "Legal responsibility for environmental damage caused by an individual or organization.", "plain_language": "Being legally responsible for pollution or environmental damage you caused.", "area": "environmental"},
    {"term": "Hazardous waste", "definition": "Waste materials that are dangerous to human health or the environment.", "plain_language": "Dangerous waste that can harm people or nature — like toxic chemicals.", "area": "environmental"},
    {"term": "Pollution", "definition": "The introduction of harmful contaminants into the environment.", "plain_language": "Putting harmful substances into the air, water, or land.", "area": "environmental"},
    {"term": "Sustainability", "definition": "Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.", "plain_language": "Using resources wisely so future generations can still have what they need.", "area": "environmental"},

    # ── CONSUMER PROTECTION ──
    {"term": "Caveat venditor", "definition": "Let the seller beware; the principle that the seller is responsible for the quality of goods sold.", "plain_language": "'Seller beware' — the seller must make sure what they sell is as promised.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Consumer rights", "definition": "Legal entitlements protecting buyers of goods and services.", "plain_language": "Your legal rights when you buy products or services — like the right to get what you paid for.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "False advertising", "definition": "Marketing claims that are misleading or untrue.", "plain_language": "Ads that lie about a product or service to trick you into buying.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Product liability", "definition": "Legal responsibility of manufacturers for injuries caused by defective products.", "plain_language": "Companies are responsible if their product is faulty and hurts someone.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Recall", "definition": "The removal of a product from the market due to safety concerns.", "plain_language": "When a company takes back a product because it was found to be dangerous.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Refund", "definition": "The return of money paid for goods or services that were defective or misrepresented.", "plain_language": "Getting your money back when something you bought is broken or not as described.", "area": "consumer"},
    {"term": "Warranty", "definition": "A guarantee by a seller that a product will meet certain standards.", "plain_language": "A promise from the seller that a product will work properly for a certain time.", "area": "consumer"},
]
# fmt: on

# Lookup by term (case-insensitive)
GLOSSARY_MAP = {t['term'].lower(): t for t in GLOSSARY_TERMS}


def search_glossary(query, limit=20):
    """Search glossary terms."""
    q = query.lower()
    results = []
    for t in GLOSSARY_TERMS:
        if q in t['term'].lower() or q in t['definition'].lower():
            results.append(t)
            if len(results) >= limit:
                break
    return results


def get_glossary_term(term):
    """Get a specific glossary term."""
    return GLOSSARY_MAP.get(term.lower())


def get_glossary_by_area(area, limit=100):
    """Get glossary terms by legal area."""
    return [t for t in GLOSSARY_TERMS if t['area'] == area][:limit]
